SOURCES

PRINCIPAL SOURCES Barnhart, Robert K., ed., Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology, H.W. Wilson Co., 1988. Beekes, Robert, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden, Netherlands, Brill, 2010.  Boutkan, Dirk, and Sjoerd Michiel Siebinga, Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden: Brill, 2005.  Buck, Carl Darling, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, University of Chicago, 1949, reprinted 1988. de Vaan, Michiel, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, vol. 7, of Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Alexander Lubotsky ed., Leiden: Brill, 2008. Farmer, John S., Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present, London, 1890. Fowler, H.W., A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1926. Grose, Francis, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, London, 1785; 2nd ed., London, 1788; 3rd ed., London, 1796; expanded by others as Lexicon Balatronicum. A Dictionary of Buckish Slang, University Wit, and Pickpocket Eloquence, London, 1811. Hall, J.R. Clark, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 1894, reprint with supplement by Herbert D. Meritt, University of Toronto Press, 1984. Hindley, Alan, Frederick W. Langley, Brian J. Levy, Old French-English Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2000. Klein, Dr. Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1971. Lewis, Charlton T., and Short, Charles, A New Latin Dictionary, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1891. Liberman, Anatoly, Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology, University of Minnesota Press, 2008. Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott, eds., Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford University Press, 1883. McSparran, Frances, chief editor, The Middle English Compendium, University of Michigan, 2006. Room, Adrian, Place Names of the World, 2nd ed., McFarland & Co., 2006. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, Whitney, William Dwight, ed., New York: The Century Co., 1902.  The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Clarendon Press, 1989. Watkins, Calvert, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000. Zoëga, Geir T., A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, reprint, University of Toronto Press, 2004.   OTHER SOURCES Agnes, Michael, ed. in chief, Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th ed., MacMillan, 1999. Allen, Richard Hinckley, Star Names and Their Meanings, London: Stechert, 1899. Ayto, John, Dictionary of Word Origins, Arcade Publishing, 1990. ----------, 20th Century Words, Oxford University Press, 1999. ----------, The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink, 2nd ed., Oxford, 2002. Bammesberger, Alfred, English Etymology, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1984. Barrère, Albert, Argot and Slang, London, 1889. ----------, and Charles G. Leland, A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant, Ballantyne Press, 1890. Bartlett, John Russell, Dictionary of Americanisms, 2nd ed., Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1859. Blount, Thomas, Glossographia, 1656, facsimile reprint (Anglistica & Americana series), Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, Germany, and New York, 1972. Brachet, A., An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language, translated by G.W. Kitchin, Oxford, 1882. Bright, William, Native American Placenames of the United States, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Brockett, John Trotter, A Glossary of North Country Words, Newcastle, 1829. Cassidy, Frederic G., and Hall, Joan Houston, eds., Dictionary of American Regional English, Harvard University Press, 1985-2002.  Cockeram, Henry, The English Dictionarie: Or, an Interpreter of Hard English Words, London, 1623. Craigie, Sir William A., and James R. Hulbert, A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles, University of Chicago Press, 1938. Diez, Friederich, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen, Bonn, 1853. Donkin, T.C., An Etymological Dictionary of the Romance Languages, Edinburgh, 1864. Farmer, John S., Musa Pedestris, Three Centuries of Canting Songs and Slang Rhymes, privately printed in Holland and London, 1896. Flood, W.E., The Origins of Chemical Names, London: Oldbourne Book Co., 1963. Fowler, H.W., A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 2nd ed., revised by Sir Ernest Gowers, Oxford University Press, 1965. Gamillscheg, Ernst, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Französischen Sprache, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1928.  Gelling, Margaret, Signposts to the Past: Place-Names and the History of England, 3rd ed., Chichester: Phillimore & Co., 1997. Gordon, E.V., An Introduction to Old Norse, 2nd ed., rev., Oxford University Press, 1956. Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1911. Hatefeld, Adolphe, & Arsène Darmesteter, Dictionnaire Général de la Langue Française, Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1926. Herman, József, Vulgar Latin (Le latin vulgaire), translated by Roger Wright, Penn State, 2000. Hoblyn, Richard Dennis, A Dictionary of Term Used in Medicine, 2nd ed., London, 1844. Holthausen, Ferd., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1927. Jamieson, John, D.D., A Dictionary of the Scottish Language (abridged edition), Edinburgh, 1846. Johnson, Francis, A Dictionary of Persian, Arabic, and English, London, 1852. Johnson, Samuel, A Dictionary of the English Language, London, 1755.  Karttunen, Frances, An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, University of Texas, 1983. Kent, Roland G., Old Persian, New Haven, Conn., American Oriental Society, 1953. Kipfer, Barbara Ann, ed., and Robert L. Chapman, Dictionary of American Slang, 4th ed., HarperCollins, 2007.  Kluge, Friedrich, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 24 durchgesehene, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2002. Lass, Roger, Old English, A Historical Linguistic Companion, Cambridge University Press, 1994. Lyovin, Anatole V., An Introduction to the Languages of the World, Oxford University Press, 1997. Mencken, H.L., The American Language, 4th ed., Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. Mills, A.D., A Dictionary of English Place Names, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged, Oxford University Press, 1899. Niermeyer, J.F. and van de Kieft, C., Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, E.J. Brill, Amsterdam, 1976. Palmer, the Rev. Abram Smythe, Folk-Etymology, London, George Bell and Sons, 1882. Partridge, Eric, Slang To-day and Yesterday, 3rd ed., Barnes & Noble, 1950. Pickering, John, A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases Which Have Been Supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of America, Boston, 1816. Pokorny, Julius, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Tübingen: A. Francke Verlag, 1959. Rawson, Hugh, Wicked Words, Crown Publishers, 1989. Ringe, Don, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford, 2006. Simpson, D.P., Cassell's New Latin Dictionary, Funk & Wagnall's, 1959. Smith, William, ed., A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray, 1878. Smyth, Adm. William Henry, The Sailor's Word-book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms, London, Blackie and Son, 1867. Thayer, Joseph Henry, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, American Book Co., 1889. Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth, A Glossary of Greek Fishes, Oxford, 1947. Thornton, Richard H., An American Glossary, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1912. Tucker, T.G., Etymological Dictionary of Latin, Ares Publishers, 1976 (reprint of 1931 edition). Venezky, Richard L., The American Way of Spelling, The Guilford Press, 1999. Watts, Victor, The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, Cambridge University Press, 2004. Wedgwood, Hensleigh, A Dictionary of English Etymology, 3rd ed., Macmillan & Co., New York, 1878. Weekley, Ernest, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, John Murray, 1921; reprint 1967, Dover Publications.  Wilson, R.M., and Reaney, Percy H., Dictionary of English Surnames, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 1995. Wright, Joseph, The English Dialect Dictionary, London, 1900. Wright, Thomas, ed., Popular Treatises on Science Written During the Middle Ages, London, 1841.   ----------, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 2nd ed., Richard Paul Wülker, ed., London, 1884, reprinted 1968, Darmstadt.

Zack Walker

Pennsylvania had three lynchings in the years when that was common practice in America. Maryland had one. In Coatesville, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1911, a black man named Zack Walker was burned alive for killing a white steel mill cop. They dragged him from the hospital, still chained to his bedstead, and burned him to death in front of thousands of witnesses in a field south of the city. No one was convicted of the crime. When he staggered from the pyre, a mass of flames, with rakes they shoved him back in. I have seen the picture of what was left of him. It would not fill a grocery bag. Around it are the bare feet and legs of young boys. I found the photos in the back of a cabinet drawer of the West Chester newspaper when I became an editor there.A year after the lynching, John Jay Chapman, poet, dramatist and social critic, came to Coatesville, hired a hall there and held a memorial service. Only two people came. But the speech was published in Harper's Weekly (Sept. 21, 1912) and Chapman's book of essays, "Memories and Milestones," (1915) and has become a classic. Here is part of what he said: We are met to commemorate the anniversary of one of the most dreadful crimes in history — not for the purpose of condemning it, but to repent for our share in it. We do not start any agitation with regard to that particular crime. I understand that an attempt to prosecute the chief criminals has been made, and has entirely failed; because the whole community, and in a sense our whole people, are really involved in the guilt. The failure of the prosecution in this case, in all such cases, is only a proof of the magnitude of the guilt, and of the awful fact that everyone shares in it. I will tell you why I am here; I will tell you what happened to me. When I read in the newspapers of August 14, a year ago, about the burning alive of a human being, and of how a few desperate, fiend-minded men had been permitted to torture a man chained to an iron bedstead, burning alive, thrust back by pitchforks when he struggled out of it, while around about stood hundreds of well-dressed American citizens, both from the vicinity and from afar, coming on foot and in wagons, assembling on telephone call, as if by magic, silent, whether from terror or indifference, fascinated and impotent, hundreds of persons watching this awful sight and making no attempt to stay the wickedness, and no one man among them all who was inspired to risk his life in an attempt to stop it, no one man to name the name of Christ, of humanity, of government! As I read the newspaper accounts of the scene enacted here in Coatesville a year ago, I seemed to get a glimpse into the unconscious soul of this country. I saw a seldom revealed picture of the American heart and of the American nature. I seemed to be looking into the heart of the criminal — a cold thing, an awful thing. I said to myself, "I shall forget this, we shall all forget it; but it will be there." What I have seen is not an illusion. It is the truth. I have seen death in the heart of this people. For to look at the agony of a fellow-being and remain aloof means death in the heart of the onlooker. Religious fanaticism has sometimes lifted men to the frenzy of such cruelty, political passion has sometimes done it, personal hatred might do it, the excitement of the ampitheater in the degenerate days of Roman luxury could do it. But here an audience chosen by chance in America has stood spellbound through an improvised auto-da-fé, irregular, illegal, having no religious significance, not sanctioned by custom, having no immediate provocation, the audience standing by merely in cold dislike. I saw during one moment something beyond all argument in the depth of its significance. No theories about the race problem, no statistics, legislation, or mere educational endeavor, can quite meet the lack which that day revealed in the American people. For what we saw was death. The people stood like blighted things, like ghosts about Acheron, waiting for someone or something to determine their destiny for them. .... Let me say something more about the whole matter. The subject we are dealing with is not local. The act, to be sure, took place at Coatesville and everyone looked to Coatesville to follow it up. Some months ago I asked a friend who lives not far from here something about this case, and about the expected prosecutions, and he replied to me: "It wasn’t in my county," and that made me wonder whose county it was in. And it seemed to be in my county. I live on the Hudson River; but I knew that this great wickedness that happened in Coatesville is not the wickedness of Coatesville nor of today. It is the wickedness of all America and of three hundred years — the wickedness of the slave trade. All of us are tinctured by it. No special place, no special persons, are to blame. .... There is no country in Europe where the Coatesville tragedy or anything remotely like it could have been enacted, probably no country in the world. On the day of the calamity, those people in the automobiles came by the hundred and watched the torture, and passers-by came in a great multitude and watched it — and did nothing. On the next morning the newspapers spread the news and spread the paralysis until the whole country seemed to be helplessly watching this awful murder, as awful as anything ever done on this earth; and the whole of our people seemed to be looking on helplessly, not able to respond, not knowing what to do next. That spectacle has been in my mind. The trouble has come down to us out of the past. The only reason slavery is wrong is that it is cruel and makes men cruel and leaves them cruel. Someone may say that you and I cannot repent because we did not do the act. But we are involved in it. We are still looking on. Do you not see that this whole event is merely the last parable, the most vivid, the most terrible illustration that ever was given by man or imagined by a Jewish prophet, of the relation between good and evil in this world, and of the relation of men to one another? This whole matter has been an historic episode; but it is a part, not only of our national history, but of the personal history of each one of us."